William Deresiewicz，威廉 · 德萊塞維茨，美國作家和文學評論家，美國《國家》雜志撰稿人和《新共和》雜志編輯。本文是他2010年在斯坦福大學的演講。

What Are You Going to Do With That?

教育為何？

By William Deresiewicz

　　The question my title poses, of course, is the one that is classically aimed at humanities majors. What practical value could there possibly be in studying literature or art or philosophy? So you must be wondering why I'm bothering to raise it here, at Stanford, this renowned citadel of science and technology. What doubt can there be that the world will offer you many opportunities to use your degree?

　　我的題目提出的問題，當然，是一個傳統地面向人文科學的專業所提出的問題：學習文學、藝術或哲學能有什么實效價值（practical value）？你肯定納悶，我為什么在以科技堡壘而聞名的斯坦福提出這個問題呢？大學學位給人帶來眾多機會，這還有什么需要質疑的嗎？

　　But that's not the question I'm asking. By "do" I don't mean a job, and by "that" I don't mean your major. We are more than our jobs, and education is more than a major. Education is more than college, more even than the totality of your formal schooling, from kindergarten through graduate school. By "What are you going to do," I mean, what kind of life are you going to lead? And by "that," I mean everything in your training, formal and informal, that has brought you to be sitting here today, and everything you're going to be doing for the rest of the time that you're in school.

　　但那不是我提出的問題。這里的“做（do）”并不是指工作，“那（that）”并不是指你的專業。我們不僅僅是我們的工作，教育的全部也不僅僅是一門主修專業。教育也不僅僅是上大學，甚至也不僅是從幼兒園到研究生院的正規學校教育。我說的“你要做什么”的意思是你要過什么樣的生活。我所說的“那”指的是你得到的正規或非正規的任何訓練，那些把你送到這里來的東西，你在學校的剩余時間里將要做的任何事。

　　We should start by talking about how you did, in fact, get here.

　　我們不妨先來討論你是如何考入斯坦福的吧。

　　You got here by getting very good at a certain set of skills. Your parents pushed you to excel from the time you were very young. They sent you to good schools, where the encouragement of your teachers and the example of your peers helped push you even harder. Your natural aptitudes were nurtured so that, in addition to excelling in all your subjects, you developed a number of specific interests that you cultivated with particular vigor. You did extracurricular activities, went to afterschool programs, took private lessons. You spent summers doing advanced courses at a local college or attending skill-specific camps and workshops. You worked hard, you paid attention, and you tried your very best. And so you got very good at math, or piano, or lacrosse, or, indeed, several things at once.

　　你能進入這所大學說明你在某些技能上非常出色。你的父母在你很小的時候就鼓勵你追求卓越。他們送你到好學校，老師的鼓勵和同伴的榜樣激勵你更努力地學習。除了在所有課程上都出類拔萃之外，你還注重修養的提高，充滿熱情地培養了一些特殊興趣。你用幾個暑假在本地大學里預習大學課程，或參加專門技能的夏令營或訓練營。你學習刻苦、精力集中、全力以赴。所以，你在數學、鋼琴、曲棍球等眾多方面都很出色。

　　Now there's nothing wrong with mastering skills, with wanting to do your best and to be the best. What's wrong is what the system leaves out: which is to say, everything else. I don't mean that by choosing to excel in math, say, you are failing to develop your verbal abilities to their fullest extent, or that in addition to focusing on geology, you should also focus on political science, or that while you're learning the piano, you should also be working on the flute. It is the nature of specialization, after all, to be specialized. No, the problem with specialization is that it narrows your attention to the point where all you know about and all you want to know about, and, indeed, all you can know about, is your specialty.

　　掌握這些技能當然沒有錯，全力以赴成為最優秀的人也沒有錯。錯誤之處在于這個體系遺漏的地方：即任何別的東西。我并不是說因為選擇鉆研數學，所以你的語文能力沒得到充分發展；也不是說除了集中精力學習地質學之外，你還應該研究政治學；也不是說你在學習鋼琴時還應該學吹笛子。畢竟，專業化的本質就是要專業性。可是，專業化的問題在于它把你的注意力限制在一個點上，你所已知的和你想探知的東西都限界于此。真的，你能知道的一切就只是你的專業了。

　　The problem with specialization is that it makes you into a specialist. It cuts you off, not only from everything else in the world, but also from everything else in yourself. And of course, as college freshmen, your specialization is only just beginning. In the journey toward the success that you all hope to achieve, you have completed, by getting into Stanford, only the first of many legs. Three more years of college, three or four or five years of law school or medical school or a Ph.D. program, then residencies or postdocs or years as a junior associate. In short, an ever-narrowing funnel of specialization. You go from being a political-science major to being a lawyer to being a corporate attorney to being a corporate attorney focusing on taxation issues in the consumer-products industry. You go from being a biochemistry major to being a doctor to being a cardiologist to being a cardiac surgeon who performs heart-valve replacements.

　　專業化的問題是它讓你成為專家，切斷你與世界上其他任何東西的聯系，不僅如此，還切斷你與自身其他潛能的聯系。當然，作為大一新生，你的專業才剛剛開始。在你走向所渴望的成功之路的過程中，進入斯坦福是你踏上的眾多階梯中的一個。再讀三年大學，三五年法學院或醫學院或博士，然后再干若干年住院實習生或博士后或助理教授。總而言之，進入越來越狹窄的專業化軌道。你可能從政治學專業的學生變成了律師或者公司代理人，再變成專門研究消費品領域的稅收問題的公司代理人。你從生物化學專業的學生變成了博士，再變成心臟病學家，再變成專門做心臟瓣膜移植的心臟病醫生。

　　Again, there's nothing wrong with being those things. It's just that, as you get deeper and deeper into the funnel, into the tunnel, it becomes increasingly difficult to remember who you once were. You start to wonder what happened to that person who played piano and lacrosse and sat around with her friends having intense conversations about life and politics and all the things she was learning in her classes. The 19-year-old who could do so many things, and was interested in so many things, has become a 40-year-old who thinks about only one thing. That's why older people are so boring. "Hey, my dad's a smart guy, but all he talks about is money and livers."

　　再次，做這些事沒有任何錯。只不過，在你越來越深入地進入這個軌道后，再記得你最初的樣子就益發困難了。你開始懷念那個曾經談鋼琴和打曲棍球的人，思考那個曾經和朋友熱烈討論人生和政治以及在課堂內容的人在做什么。那個活潑能干的19歲年輕人已經變成了只想一件事的40歲中年人。難怪年長的人這么乏味無趣。“哎，我爸爸曾經是非常聰明的人，但他現在除了談論錢和肝臟外再無其他。”

　　And there's another problem. Maybe you never really wanted to be a cardiac surgeon in the first place. It just kind of happened. It's easy, the way the system works, to simply go with the flow. I don't mean the work is easy, but the choices are easy. Or rather, the choices sort of make themselves. You go to a place like Stanford because that's what smart kids do. You go to medical school because it's prestigious. You specialize in cardiology because it's lucrative. You do the things that reap the rewards, that make your parents proud, and your teachers pleased, and your friends impressed. From the time you started high school and maybe even junior high, your whole goal was to get into the best college you could, and so now you naturally think about your life in terms of "getting into" whatever's next. "Getting into" is validation; "getting into" is victory. Stanford, then Johns Hopkins medical school, then a residency at the University of San Francisco, and so forth. Or Michigan Law School, or Goldman Sachs, or Mc­Kinsey, or whatever. You take it one step at a time, and the next step always seems to be inevitable.

　　還有另外一個問題。或許你從來沒有想過當心臟病醫生，只是碰巧發生了而已。隨大流最容易，這就是體制的力量。我不是說這個工作容易，而是說做出這種選擇很容易。或者，這些根本就不是自己做出的選擇。你來到斯坦福這樣的名牌大學是因為聰明的孩子都這樣。你考入醫學院是因為它的地位高，人人都羨慕。你選擇心臟病學是因為當心臟病醫生的待遇很好。你做那些事能給你帶來好處，讓你的父母感到驕傲，令你的老師感到高興，也讓朋友們羨慕。從你上高中開始，甚至初中開始，你的唯一目標就是進入最好的大學，所以現在你會很自然地從“進入下個階段”的角度看待人生。“進入”就是能力的證明，“進入”就是勝利。先進入斯坦福，然后是約翰霍普金斯醫學院，再進入舊金山大學做實習醫生等。或者進入密歇根法學院，或高盛集團或麥肯錫公司或別的什么地方。你邁出了這一步，下一步似乎就必然在等著你。

　　Or maybe you did always want to be a cardiac surgeon. You dreamed about it from the time you were 10 years old, even though you had no idea what it really meant, and you stayed on course for the entire time you were in school. You refused to be enticed from your path by that great experience you had in AP history, or that trip you took to Costa Rica the summer after your junior year in college, or that terrific feeling you got taking care of kids when you did your rotation in pediatrics during your fourth year in medical school.

　　也許你確實想當心臟病學家。十歲時就夢想成為醫生，即使你根本不知道醫生意味著什么。你在上學期間全身心都在朝著這個目標前進。你拒絕了上大學預修歷史課時的美妙體驗的誘惑，也無視你在醫學院第四年的兒科學輪流值班時照看孩子的可怕感受。

　　But either way, either because you went with the flow or because you set your course very early, you wake up one day, maybe 20 years later, and you wonder what happened: how you got there, what it all means. Not what it means in the "big picture," whatever that is, but what it means to you. Why you're doing it, what it's all for. It sounds like a cliché, this "waking up one day," but it's called having a midlife crisis, and it happens to people all the time.

　　不管是什么，要么因為你隨大流，要么因為你早就選定了道路，20年后某天醒來，你或許會納悶到底發生了什么：你怎么變成現在這個樣子，這一切意味著什么。不是它是什么，不在于它是否是“大藍圖”而是它對你意味著什么。你為什么做它？到底為了什么？這聽起來像老生常談，但這個被稱為中年危機的“有一天醒來”一直就發生在每個人身上。